From REINFORCE to GRPO: Evolution of Policy Optimization in Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a framework where an agent learns to make decisions by interacting with an environment, selecting actions, receiving rewards, and aiming to maximize cumulative reward over time. Core components include the agent, environment, actions, and rewards. The goal is to discover an optimal policy—a strategy for choosing actions that maximizes long-term rewards. Unlike value-based methods that estimate action values, policy optimization methods directly adjust policy parameters to maximize expected rewards. For a deeper dive into RL fundamentals, see Sutton and Barto’s Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction.
1. REINFORCE: The Gradient Pioneer
REINFORCE, introduced by Ronald J. Williams in 1992, is one of the earliest policy gradient methods. It adjusts the policy by following the gradient of expected rewards, estimated from sampled episodes using Monte Carlo methods. Simple and intuitive, REINFORCE suffers from high variance in gradient estimates due to noisy samples, leading to unstable and slow learning, particularly in complex tasks. For a practical explanation of policy gradients, see OpenAI’s Spinning Up guide on Vanilla Policy Gradient.
2. TRPO: Stability Through Constraints
Trust Region Policy Optimization (TRPO), developed by Schulman et al. in 2015, tackles instability by constraining policy updates using KL-divergence within a "trust region." This ensures monotonic improvement and enhances stability, making it effective for complex environments. However, its computational complexity—due to second-order approximations—makes it impractical for large models. Details on implementation are available in OpenAI’s Spinning Up guide on TRPO.
3. PPO: Simplicity and Efficiency
Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), introduced in 2017, simplifies TRPO’s stability mechanisms with a clipped surrogate objective to limit policy changes. PPO is easy to implement, computationally efficient, and performs well across a range of tasks. Yet, its simplicity can sometimes result in instability in sensitive scenarios. Explore its mechanics in OpenAI’s Spinning Up guide on PPO.
4. GRPO: Tailored for Large Language Models
Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), presented in the 2024 DeepSeekMath paper, adapts PPO for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs). GRPO introduces data grouping to cluster similar tasks (e.g., math problems) and computes relative advantages within these groups for precise, stable updates. It removes the Value function to optimize memory usage—crucial for billion-parameter models—which increases variance by making advantage estimates noisier. GRPO mitigates this with data grouping and techniques like reward normalization.
5. Why GRPO for LLMs?
Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) demands stability to preserve pre-trained knowledge and efficiency to manage vast computational resources. While PPO is widely used, its uniform updates and reliance on a Value function can be inefficient for LLMs. GRPO’s data grouping enables targeted updates, and its memory optimizations suit massive models. However, the increased variance from removing the Value function requires careful stabilization techniques.
Conclusions
The journey from REINFORCE to GRPO reflects RL’s adaptation to escalating complexity:
- REINFORCE: Simple but hampered by high variance.
- TRPO: Stable yet computationally intensive.
- PPO: Efficient and versatile, though not flawless.
- GRPO: Specialized for LLMs, leveraging data grouping and memory optimization, but requiring meticulous tuning.
Each method addressed specific limitations of its predecessors while introducing new trade-offs, with GRPO emerging as a tailored solution for fine-tuning LLMs in specialized domains. This evolution highlights RL’s ongoing pursuit of balance between simplicity, stability, and scalability as challenges grow.
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Kuandyk Sadykov · Март 25, 2025 04:34
cool
Еламан Армия · Март 25, 2025 01:02
классно
Ainur Shamkelova · Март 24, 2025 09:33
круто