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SOLID in PHP: A brief overview

SOLID is a set of five principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) that help developers write cleaner, more maintainable and flexible code. Let's look at each principle using the PHP example.

S - Single Responsibility Principle: A class should have one responsibility. For example, in PHP, the class responsible for working with the database should not be engaged in data validation.

class UserRepository {
    public function save(User $user) {
        // The logic of saving the user to the database
    }
}

O - Open/Closed Principle: Classes should be open for expansion, but closed for modification. In PHP, this can be implemented using abstract classes and interfaces.

interface Logger {
    public function log($message);
}

class FileLogger implements Logger {
    public function log($message) {
        // The logic of writing logs to a file
    }
}

L - Liskov Substitution Principle: Objects of subclasses should replace objects of the parent class without changing the behavior of the program. For example, if the Bird class has a fly method, then the Penguin subclass should not violate it.

class Bird {
    public function fly() {
// Flight logic
    }
}

class Penguin extends Bird {
    // Penguins do not fly, therefore, the fly method should not exist in Penguin
}

I - Interface Segregation Principle: It is better to have several specialized interfaces than one common one. In PHP, this helps to avoid redundant implementation.

interface Flyable {
    public function fly();
}

interface Swimmable {
    public function swim();
}

class Duck implements Flyable, Swimmable {
    public function fly() {
// Flight logic
    }

    public function swim() {
// Swimming logic
    }
}

D - Dependency Inversion Principle: High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.

interface Mailer {
    public function send($recipient, $message);
}

class SmtpMailer implements Mailer {
    public function send($recipient, $message) {
        // The logic of sending mail via SMTP
    }
}

class UserNotification {
    private $mailer;

    public function __construct(Mailer $mailer) {
        $this->mailer = $mailer;
    }

    public function notify($user) {
        $this->mailer->send($user->email, "Hello!");
    }
}

SOLID principles help to create more structured and maintainable code in PHP, ensuring the stability of the system to changes and improving its scalability.