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How network equipment works: Routers, switches and access points

In the modern world, the Internet is an integral part of life for both home users and businesses. Behind each network connection is a complex infrastructure that includes various types of network equipment such as routers, switches and access points. Understanding the principles of operation of this equipment will help you better understand network technologies and their configuration.

A router is a device that controls the transfer of data between different networks, usually between a local area network (LAN) and a wide area network (for example, the Internet). The main task of the router is to direct (route) traffic along the best route so that the data reaches the desired recipient.

  1. Connecting devices to the Internet. When you connect your laptop or smartphone to the Internet via a router at home, it acts as an intermediary between your device and the Internet. The router receives a request to a web page from your device, transmits it to the Internet, receives a response from the web server and sends it back to your device.
  2. Traffic routing. If you have several devices connected at home (phone, laptop, smart appliances), the router distributes traffic between them so that each gadget receives the necessary data. It uses routing tables to determine where to route traffic.
  3. Network Addresses (NAT). Routers usually use NAT (Network Address Translation) technology, which allows multiple devices on a local network to use the same public IP address to connect to the Internet. This helps to save IP addresses and protects devices inside the network from direct access from the outside.

A switch (or switch) is a device that connects several devices within a single local network (for example, computers, servers, printers) and controls the transfer of data between them. Unlike a router, a switch does not send data to the Internet, but transmits it between devices within the same network.

  1. Data transfer within a local network. When one computer sends data to another device on the local network, the switch analyzes this data and determines where to send it. It uses a table of MAC addresses (unique device IDs) to know exactly which device is connected to which port.
  2. Unloading the network. The switch prevents network congestion by routing data only to the device it is intended for. This reduces unnecessary traffic and makes the network more efficient.
  3. Working at the second level of the OSI model. Switches operate at the link layer (the second layer of the OSI model), where data is transmitted based on MAC addresses, unlike routers that operate at the network layer and use IP addresses.

An access point (AP) is a device that provides wireless connection of devices to a network. It converts a wired signal coming over an Ethernet cable into a wireless (Wi-Fi) signal so that devices can connect without cables.

  1. Creating a wireless network. The access point connects to a switch or router via an Ethernet cable and creates a Wi-Fi zone where devices can connect to the network wirelessly.
  2. Connecting multiple devices. The access point supports simultaneous connection of multiple devices (phones, tablets, laptops), which makes it an important element of networks in offices and homes where multiple wireless devices are used.
  3. Expansion of the Wi-Fi coverage area. In large buildings or houses with poor signal, multiple access points can be used to create a single wireless network with a long range. This allows devices to seamlessly switch between access points without losing network connectivity.

In a typical home or office network, all three devices — routers, switches, and access points — can work together to ensure a reliable and stable connection:

  • The router provides an Internet connection and routing of traffic between your local network and an external network (Internet).
  • The switch distributes traffic between devices within the network by managing wired connections.
  • The access point creates a wireless network, allowing devices to connect without cables.

Understanding the operation of network equipment — routers, switches, and access points — helps not only to better configure your home network, but also to increase its efficiency and security. Together, these devices provide a reliable connection to the Internet and between devices on the network, regardless of whether you are at home or in the office.